American troops pulled out of their main military base in Afghanistan on Friday, a US defence official said, under an agreement with the Taliban allowing for the withdrawal of all US forces from the country, to end their longest war.
The US military has coordinated its air war and logistical support for its Afghan mission from the Bagram air base, about 60km (40 miles) north of Kabul, and the withdrawal of forces from the base symbolises the end of the US military involvement in the country.
The following is a chronology of US involvement and major developments in Afghanistan over the past two decades:
Sept 11, 2001 – US involvement in Afghanistan is triggered by attacks on the United States plotted in Afghanistan by the Al Qaeda militant group, led by Osama bin Laden, who was in Afghanistan under Taliban protection.
Oct 7, 2001 – US forces begins air campaign with strikes on Taliban and Al Qaeda forces. Small numbers of US special forces and CIA agents soon slip into Afghanistan to help direct the bombing campaign and organise Afghan opposition forces.
Nov 13, 2001 – US-backed Northern Alliance forces enter Kabul as the Taliban withdraw south. Within a month, Taliban leaders have fled from southern Afghanistan into Pakistan.
December 2001 – US forces bomb the Tora Bora cave complex in eastern Afghanistan where bin Laden is reportedly hiding but he slips over the border into Pakistan, where he disappears.
May 2, 2003 – US officials declare an end to major combat operations in Afghanistan. Under President George W. Bush, the US focus turn to preparing for the invasion of Iraq, which required a diversion of US troops, equipment, and intelligence collection from Afghanistan. This allows the Taliban to slowly regroup, at first in the south and east.
Feb 17, 2009 – President Barack Obama, in his first major military decision as commander-in-chief, orders 17,000 more combat troops to Afghanistan to tackle an intensifying insurgency. The 17,000 reinforce 38,000 US troops and 32,000 from some 40 NATO allies already in Afghanistan.
May 1, 2011 – Bin Laden is killed in a raid by US forces in Pakistan. At about the same time, the number of US forces in Afghanistan peaks at about 100,000 as part of a surge that saw intensified CIA drone attacks on Taliban and other militants in Pakistan.
December 2011 – US officials say US diplomats have held about half a dozen secret meetings with Afghan Taliban contacts over the previous 10 months, mostly in Germany and Qatar.
May 27, 2014 – Obama outlines a plan to withdraw all but 9,800 American troops by the end of the year and pull out the rest by the end of 2016.
Dec 28, 2014 – The US combat mission is officially concluded after the withdrawal of most combat troops and an transition to an “Afghan-led” war. Nearly 10,000 US troops remain, with a focus on training Afghan forces and counter-terrorism.
Aug 21, 2017 – US President Donald Trump announces his strategy, calling for an open-ended deployment of US forces with the goal of forcing the Taliban to negotiate peace with the Kabul government.
Sep 4, 2018 – Afghan-born US diplomat Zalmay Khalilzad appointed US special representative to seek negotiations with the Taliban.
Feb 29, 2020 – The United States signs a troop withdrawal agreement with the Taliban in Doha that envisages peace talks between the Afghan government and the group.
Sept 12, 2020 – Afghan government and Taliban negotiators launch peace talks in Doha after months of delays.
Dec 2, 2020 – Afghan government and Taliban negotiators reach preliminary agreement on procedures for peace talks, a largely administrative development but their first written agreement in 19 years of war.
April 14, 2021 – US President Joe Biden announces US forces will stay beyond the May deadline envisaged by the US-Taliban deal but will withdraw unconditionally by September 11.
June 26, 2021 – Biden meets Afghan President Ashraf Ghani at the White House. He calls on Afghans to decide their own future while vowing to continue security aid.
July 2, 2021 – US troops pull out of Bagram air base 60km (40 miles) north of Kabul even as violence around the country is at historic highs.
